Battle Of Khaybar: Historical Critics Beetwen Internal and External Document.
Today, we will discuss about Battle Of Khaybar beetwen internal and external document. And, we will analyze, and , ready for receive new fact, because we will analyze are Battle Of Khaybar happened as historical moment? Or Battle Of Khaybar only story that appear at era that far from Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam Era? Who Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam enemy at Battle Of Khaybar? Please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History.
According Islamic Tradition, Battle Of Khaybar broke at 628 AD/7 Hijriyya. We will discuss about one oldest source from Islamic Traditions about this battle, Futuhul Buldan that written by Abbasid Historian, Baladhuri. Baladhuri, is one Abbasid Historian that die at 892 AD. This book, maybe written at 9 TH Century.
According Baladhuri, Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam attack Territories Of Khaybar, that became one Jewish Settlement near Medina and broke battle for 1 month and from several Jewish Society figures that killed at Battle Of Khaybar is Ibn Abul Haqiq. Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam captured Ibn Abul Haqiq s wife, Shafiyya binti Huyay and married her. And, Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam conquer Khaybar after great battle.
Other Islamic Source, Siyar Alam An-Nubala, that written by Imam Dhahabi tell long about Battle Of Khaybar. Imam Dhahabi cited narrations from many sources, beetwen it Sirah Ibnu Hisyam that written by Ibn Hisham, Shahih Bukhari, and other. Imam Dhahabi tell long narration about this battle, included many duels beetwen Muslim and Jewish Warriors.
Imam Dhahabi also mentioned long narration how Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam captured Shafiyya binti Huyay. Ibn Abi Haqiq ( Imam Dhahabi mentioned Ibn Abi Huqaiq) is one Fortress Commander at Khaybar. He is commander from Fortress Of Qamush. Ibn Abi Haqiq and several Jewish Warriors hidden assets from Huyay Ibn Akhtab, One Jewish Leader from Tribe Of Nadhir that was killed before Battle Of Khaybar. He killed by Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam because provocated Arabian People to againt Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam. At Battle Of Khaybar, Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam kill Ibn Abi Haqiq and imprisoned Shafiyya. After this, he married Shafiyya. According Imam Dhahabi, Shafiyya , at begin his marriage, hate Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam because Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam was kill her husband and her father. But, Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam said: “Your father provocated Arabian for antagonize me” untl Shafiyya doesnt hate Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam.
But, at Islamic Tradition Narration about Battle Of Khaybar, exist several doubt, that mentioned at book of Baladhuri, Futuhul Buldan . We will mentioned several doubt that mentioned by Baladhuri s book and compare it with external document that written at 7 TH Century, dont far from Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam s die.
Baladhuri, serve narration about interraction Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam with Jewish at Medina until broke Battle Of Khaybar. According Baladhuri s narration, Yasthrib ( Old Name Of Medina) at old time is Jewish City at Arabia. One Arabian Nomadic, Thalaba Ibn Amr, came to Yasthrib with his followers and families and they can occupied city until Jewish at Medina out from city and make several villages around Medina, such as Qainuqa, Nadhir, and Khaybar. When Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam moved to Medina, he make peace covenant with Jewish at Medina. But, happened betrayal that doing by Jewish at Qainuqa, Nadhir, and Quraidha, around Medina until Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam launch military expedition to Qainuqa, Quraidha, and Nadhir for drive out them. And, last Khaybar that conquered after great battle.
But, footnotes at Baladhuri s book many mentioned that many narration from this story cannot trusted as historical narration. Footnotes at Baladhuri book mentioned several story that weak in narration and cannot trusted as historical truth. From them: narration that Medina at begin is Jewish City that captured by Arabian Nomads, Huyay Ibn Akhtab s murdered by Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam, slaughtered that doing by Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam at Quraidha and especially, Battle Of Khaybar. That mentioned at Baladhuri s footnote ( No.66, hal.28), Sanad ( way of narration) from this story is so weak. We will listening narration from Sibeos, Armenian Bishop at his chronichles that written at 660 AD.
Sibeos, at his chronichles, mentioned event at 628 AD, after Byzantine Emperor, Heraclius , captured Palestine from Persian Empire, Jewish Colony at Edessa that consist of 12 Israeli Tribes, moved to Egypt for their migration. But, they layover to Arabia Peninsula to ask help from Arabians. At Arabia, at this time, Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam (Sibeos call him Mamet) preach Islamic Teaching and according Sibeos, Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam understand Judaism and tried to preach to Jewish Peoples who layover at Arabia Peninsula. Jewish Peoples, hear Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam preach and after this, they next their exodus to Egypt.
Jacob Of Edessa, One Christian Writter, before his die at 708 AD, write that Jewish People at this time, rejected Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam preach because Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam doesnt descedant from Propeth Daud Alaihissalam , that mentioned important propeth by Jewish Peoples. Jacob and Sibeos, two 7 TH Century Historian, dont tell narration about confrontation beetwen Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam and Jewish at Medina. Can received Islamic Narration that meeting beetwen Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam and Jewish People happened at Medina, like as Sibeos that mentioned this event happened at Arabia Peninsula. But, narration that happened big confrontation beetwen Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam and Jewish at Medina so doubt. Because, such as mentioned above, narration about this, contained many doubt and Sibeos s written clearly mentioned Jewish People dont have a plan stay at Arabia and they only layover for next journey to Egypt. Sibeos mentioned they layover at 628 AD and also next their movement to Egypt at 628 AD.
Exist one verses at Koran (Islamic Holy Book) that associated to Battle Of Khaybar, QS.Al-Fath: 20, this verses also dont mentioned Khaybar and only speak about spoils from war.
From temporal time, according my analyzing, maybe narration from Sibeos and Jacob Of Edessa more trusted that Jewish People at their migration, layover at Arabia ( according Islamic Tradition Medina), place when Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam preach. But, they reject Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam preach and more choose next their migration to Egypt. Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam, according Sibeos, allow them next their migration. Shafiyya, maybe one Jewess who convert to Islam when Jewish People layover at Medina and married by Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam, Wallahualam Bishawab.
Refrences:
Syaikh Al-Baladzuri: Futuhul Buldan: Penaklukkan Negeri-negeri dari Fathu Makkah Sampai Negeri Sind, Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2015 M.
Imam Ad-Dzahabi: Siyar Alam An-Nubala Jilid 2: Pembahasan Sejarah Nabi ( Perang Dzatur Riqa-Wafatnya Rasulullah Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam), Pustaka Azzam, 2017 M.
Hatta, Ahmad, dkk: The Great Story Of Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam: Referensi Lengkap Hidup Rasulullah Saw Dari Sebelum Kelahiran Hingga Detik-Detik Terakhir, Maghfirah Pustaka, 2011 M.
Asyari, H. (2006). Dokumen non-Arab tentang Berita Kerasulan Muhammad dan Awal Islam. Humaniora, 18(2), 93-101.
Anonymous: Al-Qur'an Surat Al-Fath Ayat ke-20, Kalam Sindonews, accesed 30 November 2024, 22: 40 AM.
Ningsih, Widya Lestari, dan Nailufar, Nibras Nada: Pertempuran Khaibar: Penyebab dan Jalannya Perang, Kompas.Com, accesed 30 November 2024, 22: 42 AM.
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