Al-Kamil And Frederick II Covenant: Second Fall Of Jerusalem To Crusader And Last Of Crusader.

Source: Sacred Asylum.

Today, i will discuss about one event at Crusade that maybe forgotten by people. This event is when Al-Kamil, Ayyubid Ruler at Egypt,  submit Jerusalem to Frederick II, Crusader Commander, and it is second fall of Jerusalem to Hand Of Crusader. Ok, please read this article until end because we will discuss one important event at crusade. And, it is unique event because this event not became religion war, but game of thron from Ayyubid Dynasty.

At 13 TH Century, broke Game Of Throne in body Of Ayyubid Dynasty, after die of Saladin, Founder Of Ayyubid Dynasty. Ayyubid Dynasty split into several small kingdom at Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.  When 1215-1250 AD, at Kingdom Of Sicilia, ruled King Frederick II Hohenfausten.  At 1225 AD, he married Isabelle Of Briene, daughter from crownprince Of Crusader Kingdom Of Jerusalem. And he became King Of Jerusalem symbolically.  At 1229 AD, Frederick II became Commander Of Crusader and Al-Kamil, at this age, struggling againt his brothers at Syria. He fight with other Ayyubids Rulers at Syria.  Crusader at Palestina can captured City Of Beirut, Safawi, Tiberias, and Ascalon. And at 1229 AD,  Al-Kamil submit Jerusalem  and several Palestine City to Frederick with condition Frederick help him at war againt his enemy from Ayyubids Dynasty and also other Crusader Emirate at Palestine.  This covenant, contained Frederick and his Crusaders can occupied Christian Site at Jerusalem. Muslim and Jewish cannot entered Jerusalem, except to Mosque Al Aqsa Complect that ruled by Muslims. But, Frederick handled goverment at Jerusalem.  Now, Frederick became King Of Jerusalem.

At 1239 AD, Jerusalem fall to the hand of An-Nashir Daud, Ayyubid Ruler at Kerak, Jordania, but at 1243 AD, Jerusalem fall to hand of Crusader for third time because game of throne beetwen Ayyubid Rulers. At 1244 AD, Ayyubid Ruler Of Egypt, As-Shalih Najm addin Ayyub ask help to Tribes Of Khwarizm from Central Asia for fight againt Crusader at Palestine and Ayyubid Rulers at Syria. At August 1244 AD, Khwarizm Army conquest Jerusalem and Syria. They also destroy several curch at Jerusalem and many Crusader die at this battle.  At October 1244 AD, Ayyubid Dynasty at Egypt and Khwarizm Army fight  againt Ayyubid Dynasty at Syria and Crusader at Battle Of Gaza/ La Forbie.  As-Shalih Najm Addin Ayyub win this battle. According Historian  Ricky Jenihansen, 1000 Crusaders Knight die at this battle.  Beetwen 1249-1250 AD, broke  Sixth Crusade that Crusader lead by King Of France, Louis IX. But Louis IX defeated.

At last decade from 13 TH Century, Muslims can captured Palestine and around it from Crusader. At 1265-1266 AD, Muslims can conquest Caesarea, Arsuf, Haifa, and Lybanon. At 1268, Muslims can conquest Jaffa / Tel Aviv and Antioch. This conquest happened at Mameluke Dynasty Era, until 1291 AD, Muslims can ended Crusader Goverment at Palestine and around this with Conquest Of Acre and several Last Crusaders City. With this conquest, Crusade ended and Palestine became Islamic Territories , like as Early Caliphate era until 20 TH Century.

Refrences:
Tim Riset dan Studi Islam Mesir: Ensiklopedi Sejarah Islam,Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2019 M.

Hillenbrand, Carole: Perang Salib Sudut Pandang Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2015 M.

Hitti, Philip.K: History Of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Paling Otoritatif Tentang Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2006 M.

Humphreys, R. S. (1998). Ayyubids, Mamluks, and the Latin East in the thirteenth century. Mamlūk Studies Review, 2.

Sejarah Perang Salib Ketujuh: Ambisi Raja Prancis Tanpa Dukungan Paus - National Geographic (grid.id), accesed 27 August 2024, 10: 49 PM.